Design and Fabrication of a Robot for Training Essays

Structure and Fabrication of a Robot for Training Essays Structure and Fabrication of a Robot for Training Essay Structure and Fabrication of a Robot for Training Essay MOI UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING COURSE CODE: PRD5 80 COURSE TITLE: FINAL YEAR PROJECT TITLE: DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A ROBOT FOR TRAINING PRESENTED BY: Dennis Chesire PRESENTED TO: DR. A. N. MAYAKA Submitted To The Department Of Mechanical And Production Engineering In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Award Of Bachelor Of Technology Degree In Mechanical And Production Engineering Academic year 2007/2008 DECLARATION I thusly announce this is my unique work and has not been submitted for any honor in any foundation or college. SIGN †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ DATE †¦ Dennis Chesire CERTIFICATION I have perused this undertaking report and affirmed its introduction for assessment. SIGN †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ DATE †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Supervisor DEDICATIONS I commit this structure work to my family and every one of my companions for their motivation and help even in the midst of trouble. Affirmation The fulfillment of this task would have been unthinkable without the assistance got from numerous individuals. First I might want to thank the Almighty Father in paradise for having presented to me this far. To God be brilliance always. I might likewise want to express gratitude toward Dr. A. N. Mayaka for the inestimable good and specialized guidance he gave all through the structure procedure of this undertaking. Much obliged to you for the common reports and materials and the valuable time you gave, out of your ever bustling calendar. I recognize the help of the Head of Department, Dr. Boaz Korir for going to my guide when Dr. A. N. Mayaka was away. I might want to recognize every one of my speakers for the energetic exertion they have placed in my preparation. Mr. Kimutai the exertion you put towards this venture can't go unmentioned. I need to likewise stretch out my earnest thankfulness to all the Mechanical Engineering Department professionals, uncommonly referencing Mr. Akwiri and Mr. Oduor My folks, I won't overlook your selflessness with an end goal to help me all through my school life. To wrap things up, every one of my colleagues, I am thankful. May God favor all of you. Unique In this undertaking a presentation on the need of sufficient preparing on robotization in higher learning organizations is investigated in an orderly manner. First there is a general presentation of apply autonomy in part one, robot characterizations and robot applications is in sections three and four. Section five comprises of the structure choices and their examination. General presentation on part produce is given in section six. Cost investigation and the end and proposals are done in parts seven and eight. Chapter by chapter guide DECLARATIONi Supervisor DEDICATIONSi DEDICATIONSii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTiii ABSTRACTiv TABLE OF FIGURESviii LIST OF TABLESix LIST OF APPENDICESx 1. 0 CHAPTER ONE1 1. 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION1 1. 2 PROBLEM STATEMENT2 1. 3 JUSTIFICATION3 1. 4 SCOPE5 1. 5 OBJECTIVES6 1. 5. 1 General objective6 1. 5. 2 Specific objectives6 1. 6 METHODOLOGY7 1. 6. 1 Source of data7 1. 6. 2 Target advertise for design7 1. . 3 Viability7 CHAPTER TWO8 2. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW8 2. 1 Background8 2. 1. 1 What is a Robot? 8 2. 2 ROBOT GENERATIONS10 2. 3 Robot systems10 2. 4 CLASSIFICATION OF ROBOTS11 2. 4. 1 Classification dependent on basic setup and robot movement. 11 2. 4. 1. 1 Revolute (jointed arm) robot12 2. 4. 1. 2. Polar (circular) robot13 2. 4. 1. 3 Cylindrical robot14 2. 4. 1. 4 Cartesian (rectangular) robot, sliding type14 2. 4. 1. 5 Cartesian (rectangular) robot, gantry-type14 2. 4. 1. 6. SCARA-type robot15 2. 4. 2 Basic robot motions16 2. 4. 2. 1 Six degrees of freedom16 2. 4. 3 Classification dependent on way control17 2. 4. 3. Point-to-point (PTP) control17 2. 4. 3. 2Continuous way (CP) control18 CHAPTER THREE19 3. 0 ROBOT APPLICATIONS19 3. 1 General application characteristics19 3. 2 APPLICATION AREAS OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS20 3. 2. 1 Material Transfer21 3. 2. 2 Machine Loading21 3. 2. 3 Welding23 3. 2. 3. 1Spot welding23 3. 2. 3. 2 Arc welding24 3. 2. 4 Spray Coating25 3. 2. 5 Processing Operations27 3. 2. 6 Assembly28 3. 2. 7 Inspection29 CHAPTER FOUR31 4. 0TRAINING31 4. 1 INTRODUCTION31 4. 2 APPLICATION OF ACQUIRED SKILLS31 4. 2. 1 Middle managers31 4. 3 TREND IN KENYA31 4. 4 REASONS WHY KENYAN FIRMS NEED WELL TRAINED GRADUATES FROM LEARNING INSTITUTIONS33 4. Kinds OF TRAINING34 5. 0 DESIGN ANALYSIS36 5. 1 DESIGN ALTERNATIVES36 5. 1. 1 Comparison of alternatives38 5. 2 SPECIFICATIONS39 5. 2. 1 Task Specifications39 5. 2. 1. 1 Performance Specifications39 5. 2. 1. 2 Design Specifications39 5. 2. 1. 3 Dimensional Specifications40 5. 3 EXTENT OF THE ANALYSIS42 5. 4 GRIPPER MECHANISM ANALYSIS43 5. 4. 1 Gripping Force44 5. 4. 2 Torque required to deliver wanted cinching Power screws46 5. 4. 3 Power Required49 5. 4. 4 Pins50 5. 5 HOLLOW SECTIONS51 5. 6 BELT51 5. 6. 1 Dimensions of belt cross sections52 5. 7 FASTENERS53 5. 8 WASHERS54 5. 9 COUPLINGS54 5. 9. 1 Flange coupling54 5. . 2 Derivation of spine coupling formula55 5. 10 SAFETY FACTORS57 5. 11 KEYS AND KEY-WAYS58 5. 11. 1Wood ruff key58 CHAPTER SIX59 6. 0COMPONENT PRODUCTION59 6. 1 PARAMETERS FOR OPTIMUM PRODUCTION59 6. 1. 1 Product Analysis59 6. 1. 2 Operation Analysis59 6. 1. 3 Machine Analysis59 6. 1. 4 Operator Analysis59 6. 2 RESOURCE REQUIREMENT59 6. 2. 1 Capital Resources60 6. 2. 2 Tooling Resources60 6. 2. 3 Material Resources60 6. 2. 4 Human Resources60 6. 2. 5 Service Resources60 CHAPTER SEVEN61 7. 0 COST ANALYSIS61 CHAPTER EIGHT63 8. 0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS63 8. 1 CONCLUSION63 8. 2. 1 Recommendations for the Government65 8. 2. Suggestions for the university66 REFERENCES67 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1. 0: CAD/CAM format 6 Figure 2. 1: Revolute Robot 14 Figure 2. 2: Cylindrical and Polar Robot 15 Figure 2. 3: Cartesian Robot17 Figure 2. 4: Basic Robot Motions18 Figure 2. 5: Typical Wrist Articulations19 Figure 5. : Alternative Design 138 Figure 5. 2: Alternative Design 239 Figure 5. 3: Shape of Object to be grasped40 Figure 5. 4: Determination of Principal Dimensions41 Figure 5. 5: Gripper mechanism44 Figure 5. 6: End segment of Gripper45 Figure 5. : Power Screw Motions48 Figure 5. 8: Woodruff Key59 LIST OF TABLES Table 7. 1 Cost examination 62 LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX I: Glossary Of Robotic Terms APPENDIX II: Nominal cross-sectional components of Standard V-belts APPENDIX III: Typical coefficients of static grating qualities (Dry condit ions) APPENDIX IV: Chain Dimensions and Breaking Loads of Base Chains APPENDIX V: Woodruff Keys APPENDIX VI: Straight Sided Splines for Machine Tools-4 splined APPENDIX VII: Single Thrust Ball Bearings 1. 0 CHAPTER ONE 1. 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Robotics is a term depicting another scholarly and modern control. Mechanical technology is presently an entrenched field of attempt both in industry and exploration research centers. There is a peril that the word might be utilized even in zones where it is unseemly, so knowing absolutely what a robot is, the manner by which it is controlled and how it might be utilized in explicit applications is of the most elevated significance. Because of the extraordinary advances of the most recent couple of years numerous mechanical procedures have gotten to a great extent robotized, with the human administrator assuming a regularly diminishing job. The completely computerized and unmanned manufacturing plant is likely now just a couple of decades away. 1. 2 PROBLEM STATEMENT Many establishments of higher learning in Kenya have consolidated examinations on mechanization in their showing curricular for instance CAD/CAM. Appropriate handle of the basic standards are best exhibited to the understudies inside a research center. It is in compatibility of this need an exertion is being made through this task to create a mechanized tube shaped design robot model. 1. 3 JUSTIFICATION In the ongoing past there has been expanding overall rivalries and numerous organizations see, the utilization of PC helped creation frameworks as giving them a possibility of settling the contention of destinations among profitability and adaptability by presenting robotization in an adaptable way. In any case, it isn't just the creation strategies that are experiencing a procedure of progress. PCs are likewise used to help the capacities that go before, go with or follow creation. The catchphrases of this pattern are: Computer Aided Design (CAD), Computer Aided Planning (CAP) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM). CAM implies the mix of all arranging, controlling, executing and checking elements of the creation procedure based on a PC organize. Endeavors coordinated towards mechanization and mix change the work substance and working states of creation. In any case, the achievement of a company’s responsibility will be resolved not just by choosing and applying the best innovation yet in addition guaranteeing that individuals and machines cooperate in the most ideal way. It is in this setting preparing is of central significance. There is along these lines a need to acquaint mechanical technology with all rehearsing and preparing engineers so the innovation might be grasped in Kenya to help in the fulfillment of Vision 2030. To achieve this, a structure of a basic arrangement robot to help in the showing of the fundamental standards of apply autonomy to preparing engineers is of incredible import. It is with this aim this task is done as a follow up what exactly has been done already regarding the matter. [pic] Figure 1: CAD/CAM Layout (politeness of Robotics for Engineers Pg 308) 1. Extension The task will be constrained to the d

Luke?s Significance In The Scriptures Essay -- essays research papers

Luke’s Significance in the Scriptures      If I were sufficiently fortunate to address understudies on Luke’s Gospel, basically talking about the genuine part of his compositions would not do him, nor Jesus, any equity. Alongside it being an incredible portrayal of Jesus’ life from his origination until his revival, Luke’s Gospel instructs exercises Jesus utilized through His lessons to all the more likely teach His adherents of the stuff to in the long run be a piece of God’s realm. Such data would be apparently too wide to even think about understanding inside the bounds of a book, anyway Luke breathtakingly joins these realities into one story with various exercises, leaving it as a troublesome errand for an instructor to choose which parts of it to cover.  â â â â The third Gospel, composed by Luke, presents The Son of Man through a human structure as Jesus. Jesus’ life on Earth could be separated into three sections: Jesus’ birth, Jesus’ lecturing, and Jesus’ demise and restoration. These three parts of His life are the vocal focuses for what advanced Theologians appear to concentrate on in their own educating, so it would be illogical for me to forgo utilizing them inside my own. It must additionally be recognized that quite a bit of what Jesus suffered through His lifetime instructs a point so in the wake of examining the genuine happenings of a specific occasion, it is important to talk about its aims for us.      Concerning Jesus’ birth, I would show understudies how His introduction to the world had both simil- rities and contrasts to our own. Mary experienced pregnancy conveying an embryo for nine                                                   Kearney 2 months, as ladies consistently have, however she was rarely really impregnated. The Angel Gabriel visited Mary to hold up under some surprising news, disclosing to her that, â€Å"†¦you have found favor with God. See, you will imagine in your belly and bear a son† (CSB 99). Mary was a virgin, despite the fact that God enabled her to imagine a kid. This astounding event was just the start of what might turn into a celebrated lifetime of supernatural occurrences, lessons, and Je... ...nbsp;                           Kearney 4 Living by these two things, Jesus endeavors to spread God’s word with the goal that individuals will see that scorn filled and unforgiving individuals won't be welcome to the Kingdom of God. I would tell my understudies that at whatever point an endeavored demonstration of mine is being referred to, I will return to this to decide if God would endorse. The third Gospel, composed by Luke, is a nitty gritty depiction of Jesus’ life on Earth. Covering such a great amount of territory as far as stories and exercises, it is hard to limit the significant focuses or to concentrate on specific angles. On the off chance that I were a teacher and needed to instruct this to understudies, similar to I have quite recently done, I would separate Jesus’ life into three sections: Jesus’ birth, Jesus’ lecturing, and Jesus’ demise and revival. I would hit upon the subjects which I have just referenced, and think about the hugeness of each. Finding the exercises introduced before a peruser and starting to think progressively like God is the best accomplishment one could get from Luke’s Gospel.

Work at Home For Clickworker and Earn $8-$10 per hour Doing Short Task

Work at Home For Clickworker and Earn $8-$10 per hour Doing Short Task Many people are looking for online work for earning money. But this is really tough job to find legit company online for working from home and earning money. But trust me there are huge legit companies available over there where people can make handsome amount of money by working from home. The main benefit of home based work is you dont have to spend specific time for office, you can avoid traffic jab, also able to utilize your work for other household work. Home based job is ideal for working Mom if she wants to make extra money then this is ideal for them. You might hear about Clickworker, which is a Germany based legit company. They will pay you to work from your home doing short tasks such as text creation, editing, web research, data tagging, data categorization. Obviously this is a non-phone job, and all you need to complete the work through your computer and internet connection. You can do the work at your leisure and just you have to complete short tasks for pay. How and what to do in Clickworker? Clickworker is based on small projects, mainly focus writing task to search engine evaluation. But all time you wont get the same task. Whenever you sign in to your Clickworker account then there might always be something different to do (e.g. text creation, editing, web research, data tagging, and data categorization). But have some restriction, if you are not qualify for the task then you wont get access to that task, only in qualified task you will get access. You may think I they will understand that you are qualified or not? This is pretty simple; youll have to take a short assessment for each type of task. But if you fail in their assessment then you may or may not be retaken, this is totally depend of types of task. There are different task available in Clickworker where you can complete them from home. Such as- #1: Texts based tasks in Clickworker SEO Texts Product Description Category Texts Advisors Guides Glossaries Dictionaries Descriptions of Destinations Company Profiles Blog Articles Translations #2: Web Research Tasks Address Enrichment Validation Competitor Research Lead Research #3: Categorization Tagging Task of Clickworker Product Categorization Tagging Image Video Tagging Search Relevance #4: Analytics and Survey Based Task Product Data Management Surveys Mobile Crowdsourcing #5: Industry Solutions based Tasks Online Marketing E-Commerce Media Information Directory Services So you have huge choice of work and easily you can earn money from home by doing them. You should do those works that you have personal interest and you love to do. How to become Eligible to work with Clickworker? You can work as a Clickworker internationally. If you are intending to work with Clickworker Internationally then you can sign up to do work. If you are not from the USA, you must have either: A bank account in a SEPA (Single Euro Payments Area) country or You must have a valid PayPal account for accepting payment Indeed there are not any special requirements for doing work in Clickworker. Just you need to ensure that you have valid payment acceptance medium. How Much you can earn from Clickworker? This is important factor to work with any online site. According to Clickworker they pay average $9 per hour, but the amount you earn completely depend on the project youre working on. It may vary you can earn less than $9 or above $10. But note that if you do hard or complicated job then you will get more payment. Good thing is that their payment threshold is only $10 and they dont have any hidden costs or fees. With Clickworker you can get paid two different ways: Deposit to Bank account when earnings are above $10 Deposit to PayPal account when earnings are above $1 Whatever your earnings balance you will receive payment every week if you have PayPal account. But if you want to receive payment through Bank account then you will receive payment once in a month. Are you curious to Work with Clickworker? You are now curious to work with Clickworker, because you can complete tasks from home and earn money. If you want to work with Clickworker then you visit the below URL to create an account. https://www.clickworker.com/sign-up/ But due to lack of Projects many countries are not eligible to work from home for Clickworker. When you go for register then you can check your country that your country is eligible or not? But USA and European countries resident will able to work, as well as some Asian countries also eligible to work with Clickworker. Work at Home For Clickworker and Earn $8-$10 per hour Doing Short Task If you become eligible to work with Clickworker and currently working with their small project then please share your experience with us. Your experience will guide many potential online workers.

Guidelines And Behaviors For Group And Individual Work

I believe that every child should be allowed the opportunity to learn and it is my responsibility to provide a safe, welcoming environment that promotes higher level learning. The diversity of classrooms today is constantly changing and I need to be sensitive in my communication and management strategies in regards to culture, gender, intellectual and physical differences. One way this can be done is by providing classroom management techniques that makes the student feel welcomed and safe. I also will provide clear instruction of the guidelines and behaviors for group and individual work while being flexible to match each student’s needs. There are several management strategies that I can put in to place to address the needs of diverse learners. †¢ Commitment to building caring classroom communities – By creating a caring, nurturing and respectful relationship with students in the classroom, students are less likely to misbehave for fear of endangering the relationship. As a teacher that can provide a stable environment for respectful and meaningful learning, I can create a culturally responsive classroom. I can begin the year by getting to know students before class, during passing time and after class to promote connectedness. I can get to know students before behavioral problems occur so that I can prevent or intervene appropriately. This type of student-teacher relationship fosters an optimal learning environment. †¢ Recognition of my own cultural biases – It isShow MoreRelatedAnti-Bullying - 1 Essay1345 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluence to intimidate someone, typically to force him or her to do what the aggressor wants.† Clearly such behavior can be crippling to the self-efficacy of a victim. Bullying is an issue that affects many school-aged children across the US. Most students have been victims of bullying or at least know someone that has. 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Should Gay Marriage Be Legal Defense And Education Fund...

Elizabeth Schroeder’s book, Taking Sides, looks at opposing views on controversial issues, one of which is legalizing same-sex marriage. In their article, â€Å"Talking About the Freedom to Marry: Why Same-Sex Couples Should Have Equality in Marriage,† the Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund supports same-sex marriage. An opposing view, is given by Robert P. George, a Princeton University professor. In his article, â€Å"The 28th Amendment: It Is Time to Protect Marriage, and Democracy, in America,† he explains why he is against same-sex marriage. The Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund concludes that allowing same-sex marriage will not diminish the value of heterosexual marriage, and that changing the Constitution to legally deny same-sex couples to marry would be discrimination. They contend that same-sex couples are only seeking the same choices, rights, and benefits that heterosexual couples have. Referring to a court case from less than 40 years ago, Loving v, Virginia, the Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund remind us that, at one time, it was illegal for different races to marry. In 1967, the United States Supreme Court ruled that denying interracial marriage was discrimination and against the law. People have raised some concerns regarding same-sex marriage. The Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund has responded to some of these issues. Some people feel that marriage is a traditional union and that same-sex marriages would â€Å"ruin† the tradition. The LambdaShow MoreRelatedThe Controversy of Same Sex Marriages Essay1160 Words   |  5 PagesThe Controversy of Same Sex Marriages Imagine you have fallen in love with the person of your dreams, and the two of you have discussed it and have decided to get married. Now imagine that the person you wish to marry is of a different race. It wouldnt be a big deal, right? 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Research Methods Using Qualitative Designs Essay

Essays on Research Methods Using Qualitative Designs Essay The paper "Research Methods Using Qualitative Designs" is a good example of an essay on education. The incessant incidences of social problems such as obesity, poverty and diabetes 2 have necessitated the use of qualitative research techniques as governments and humanitarian agencies strive to find a lasting solution to the challenges that are threatening to engrave the contemporary society. Tight and loose research designs have both been formulated to aid in the research in various incidences. The outright confirmatory nature of qualitative designs obliges the use of loose designs that allow the researcher to fully explore concepts and obtainment of data through voluminous case studies as compared to tight designs that are efficient but lack the apposite sample size to authenticate a pattern of occurrence.   Prior to research, a researcher must determine the conceptual framework which sustains the formulation of the null and alternative hypotheses by mapping the concepts under investigation. The hypothesis and axioms identified in a case scenario authenticate the need for research. In social sciences, quantitative techniques are perceived to be inappropriate due to the nature of information required and research studies. Qualitative data using sampling methods such as random sampling, simple and stratified sampling enable sociologists to obtain finer details regarding a situation. Qualitative data assortment and analysis are labor-intensive but can be conducted meritoriously using overwhelmingly small focus groups, narratives, questionnaires and interviews, satisfactory data to answer the research question can be generated. The graphical representation is aided by the use of advanced software including SPSS and Epi-info which allows researchers to conduct an in-depth analysis of the raw data. Researchers continue using qualitative data in investigating various sociological aspects due to the presence of improved technology that supports through analysis. Conceptualization, rationality, consistency, and efficiency have been augmented and better public policies formulated and implemented due to concrete and pertinent deductions derived from researches.

Check sample assignment on sustainable development in business

Question 1: Should business behave more sustainably or should they concentrate on growing profits? Is CSR a marketing tool that companies use to improve their reputation or distract attention from various unethical practices they engage in? Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of CSR as a way of encouraging business to behave more sustainably, using appropriate example. The prime objective of companies in business is to gain profit. However in recent times, companies have realized that they should focus on long term benefits and sustainable growth. CSR or Corporate Social Responsibility is one of the ways by which sustainable development can be achieved. One of the classical theories would suggest that businesses should concentrate on growing profits and the first objective of companies in any industry should be to gain profits. The new theory would suggest that companies should also look for ways to give back to society. It means that companies should look for the ways by which they can attain profit without disturbing the environment and social balance. The businesses can not have any single statement or direction that can resolve the dilemma between the profit making and sustainability. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the time has come when companies should look for a more balanced approach that can focus on both the aspects of growin g profits and sustainability. The time has come when profit making and sustainability should not be considered as two different phases of a coin. Therefore companies should focus on profit making and sustainability together. Having said that, it is also true that corporations should never leave the core function of profit making, the steps towards the sustainability should only help corporations to generate more profit. A strong debate exists between the real implications of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility). Many experts have believed that CSR is just another marketing tool while some other believes that CSR does have real value. The harsh fact is that the CSR is one of the last things that is at the agenda of corporations. It all started as a marketing tool only. In fact corporations would not be able to survive in the industry by focusing first on CSR. It is correct that corporations carry certain social responsibility but this responsibility comes after the core business function of corporations. In the current environment of cut throat competition, it would not be incorrect to say that CSR is more of a marketing tool that is used by corporations to improve their reputation and distract attention from various unethical practices that they engage in. For example, large companies like KFC have been doing certain CSR initiatives only to ensure that people do not blame them for killing of animal s. There are various reports about the unethical practices adopted by KFC but somehow, these practices are covered under the umbrella of Corporate Social Responsibility. Coca-Cola is another brand that is reported to spend a lot on CSR activities but in the end Coca-Cola is also accused of using child labor in the developing nations such as India and China. The harsh truth is that CSR has evolved as a marketing tool that helps organization to improve their competitive position by doing something different from their competitors. As a concept, CSR is a powerful concept. CSR helps organizations to realize that profit making should not be the only goal of corporations. It is also correct that CSR encourages businesses to behave more sustainability. For example, automobile companies like Toyota and Ford have realized that pollution impact of gases emitting from their vehicles eventually pollute the surrounding that is not good for society. The sustainable development effort put by these organizations is eventually helping these organizations to grow their business. People have also appreciated the CSR activities from large corporations like Walmart and Microsoft. These large corporations have also realized that they would not be able to sustain in the long term if they do not focus on sustainable development. Eventually the objective of corporations is to improve their profit and this can happen only when end consumer is able to develop and grow in long term. The associated weaknesses of CSR as a way of encourag ing business are that the activities of CSR may require some initial investment. The corporations should be able to spend some money initially in order to derive the long term benefits. The initial expenditure does act as deterrent for corporations to involve in CSR activities. Also, large organizations can afford the initial investment or short term loss but mid-size and small scale industries can afford the sustainable development when they have to spend some amount. Question 2: How can market based instruments such as tradable carbon permits, encourage business to become more sustainable. Are they the most effective way of encouraging sustainable development or should there be other approaches? Compare and contrast market based instrument with regulatory and other approaches, using appropriate example. The sustainable development demands that organizations in both developed and developing world should work hand in hand towards sustainable development. Different corporations in developing nations have believed that it is the developed nations that are primary responsible to pollute the environment and to develop, emerging nations cannot always focus on sustainable development. To overcome these conflicts several instruments were devised such as tradable carbon points. One carbon credit is equal to one metric tonne of carbon dioxide, or in some markets, carbon dioxide equivalent gases. Carbon trading is an application of anemissions tradingapproach. Greenhouse gas emissions are capped and thenmarketsare used to allocate the emissions among the group of regulated sources. Eventually business can earn profit by selling their carbon points. Companies can earn the carbon points by involving in activities that encourage the use of green energy. This way market based instruments such as tr adable carbon permits would encourage business to become more sustainable. This way the sustainability of the business would enable to corporations to gain profit. There could be various approaches to encourage the sustainable development. One of these approaches is to encourage corporations to get involve in carbon dating. It would not be entirely correct to say that this approach is the most effective way of encouraging corporations. One of the approaches to encourage corporations is the recognition and rewards approach. In this approach, government would reward the corporations that would work towards the sustainable development. There has to be some ways through which the sustainable development is directly linked to the returns that organizations get, and then only corporations would feel encouraged and motivated to work towards sustainable development. It is recommended that government and other agencies should have other approaches also towards sustainable development. A framework should be developed through which end consumers can also realize the firms that have really worked towards sustainable development. One another approach of sus tainable development would involve all the stakeholders of the society. Under this approach all the stakeholders would join hand to work for sustainable development. The focus of this approach is that people should also realize that CSR cannot be accomplished only by corporations. The consumers and citizens and society at large should also support corporations to attain the goal of sustainable development. It is also recommended that sustainable development and CSR should not be taken as a social change. It should also be taken as the political and economic change in the system. The real sustainable development would happen only when the goals and objectives of CSR policies would include the changes in all direction including social, political and economic dimension. There also exists a strong regulatory based approach. Under this approach the government or the environmental agencies can have laws and regulations that can limit corporations for pollution emissions and can regulate c orporations to adopt green sources of energy. Both the approaches, market based instruments and regulatory instruments can help corporations to take their steps towards sustainable development. These two approaches are different and these approaches can be suited in different cases. It may not be completely feasible to compare these two approaches. However, on a high level, it can be said that market based instrument could be a better approach in most of the cases as it allows corporations to take their own decisions around sustainable development. In the regulatory approach, corporations have to work under the guidelines of government. The private corporations may not like the idea to work and operate under the government guidelines. Therefore, market based instruments could be a batter option. Moreover in market based approach, corporations are not forced upon to choose the policies and strategies and therefore corporations can obtain a balance between sustainable development and core business. For example, Walmart is interest ed to do CSR activities but it does not want the government interference. Coca-Cola has also launched certain programs to gain public trust and respect. Large corporations and MNCs have acknowledged that it is sometimes difficult to work towards CSR and sustainability when it is imposed by government.